O level / IGCSE Geography past paper practice | Natural resources – an issue of sustainability ((a) Water)

summer 2023

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

On Fig. 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write the name in the
correct location on the map. [3]

(ii) Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. [1]

(iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s coastline? Circle the
correct answer.
500 km 1000 km 1500 km [1]

1000 km
1 @ 1 mark

(iv) Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1.

X: River Hub (Hab)
Y: River Ravi
2 @ 1 mark

(b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan.

 source of water/create reservoirs (domestic use/people to drink)
 to provide a source of food/fish (to eat)
 for transport (people/goods)
 to provide nutrients/alluvium to the soil/flood plain/mangroves
 for farming/agriculture/irrigation (of fields/crops)
 for livestock/cattle/buffalo to drink/bathe/cool down
 fish farming/commercial fishing/aquaculture
 named manufacturing industry e.g. cement/textiles
 for cooling in power stations/industry
 habitat for wildlife/biodiversity/ecosystems
 afforestation projects
 to produce hydel/hydroelectric power/electricity
 to add to scenic beauty to the area (for tourism)
 for leisure activities/named example e.g.
boating/swimming/photography/fishing
 for employment in a named industry e.g. fisherman/farmer
4 @ 1 mark

(d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development of Pakistan. Read
the following two views about providing water:

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

Content Guide

Agree with view A because:

 untreated sewage/industrial effluent makes water unusable
 dumping of waste in rivers is not strictly regulated
 regular flooding causes fresh water supply to be contaminated
 removing pollution from water is expensive and reduces the money available for water provision infrastructure
 etc.

Disagree with view A because:

 water pollution can be easily solved/prevented by imposing laws and fines on industries/companies who pollute the water
 there are more serious threats to Pakistan’s water supply such as climate change e.g. increased risk of drought/flooding
 a bigger threat is from neighbouring countries limiting the water supply from the headwaters
 etc.

Agree with view B because:

 rising temperatures increase evaporation from reservoirs so more of them are needed
 global warming is melting glaciers in the mountains, more dams are needed to store water in reservoirs
 Pakistan needs more water storage capacity to hold heavy rainfall e.g. in monsoon season, so water can be utilised
 more reservoirs could alleviate future drought conditions if available supply was stored
 more small dams across the country could aid in crop irrigation
 it would be very expensive to build more dams/money is needed for other sectors.
 etc.

Disagree with view B because:

 there are enough dams already, those under construction need to be completed
 existing dams are not all in the places where need is greatest therefore they have limited use
 silting of reservoirs causes lower capacity making them less worthwhile
 water conservation is a better solution than building more dams
 conflicts over how water is used is a bigger threat
 etc.

Examples: could include named dam/pollutant/settlement/river etc. but not named diseases.

winter 2023

(b) (i) Barrages have been built on many rivers. Name two barrages in Pakistan.

Balloki / Chashma / Ghazi Brotha / Guddu / Islam / Jinnah / Kotri / Khanki / Marala / Mohammadwala / Panjnad / Qadirabad / Rasul / Sinhnai / Sulemanki / Sukkur / Trimmu / Taunsa
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Suggest how barrages can be useful to farmers.

• can be built on low/flat land/plains/near to farming areas
• regulate/control the flow of water in a river/keep river levels stable
• provide a reliable/constant supply of water
• help to prevent/control flooding
• gates are opened to let water into the river
• gates are closed to hold water back
• help with irrigation/in watering crops/direct water for irrigation/water can be diverted to perennial canals/provide water for livestock
  3 @ 1 mark

winter 2022

(c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total irrigated
area by method of irrigation.

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the percentages of Pakistan’s total irrigated area which are
irrigated by tubewells and by wells and other. Use the information below and the key.

Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the percentages of Pakistan’s total irrigated area which are irrigated by tubewells and by wells and other. Use the information below and the key.
Point accurately plotted and line drawn
Shading completed accurately using the key
Note: sections can be plotted in either order. 1 mark for line drawn at 80% or at 97%/1 mark for shading both sections accurately.
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to grow dates and
vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop your answer.

• it is usually owned by a group of people in the village (rather than an individual); they share responsibility for its operation/share the water/share the costs of building/maintenance
• a (mother) well is dug down to the watertable/ground water; to access water underground/(using gravity) a tunnel brings water to the surface
• the tunnel is dug/starts from the base of a hill or mountain; this allows water to be transported from underground to dry areas where it is needed
• a tunnel/narrow underground canal; minimises evaporation (in the hot desert climate)
• the tunnel can run for a long distance/<10 kms/emerges at ground level; water is then taken to/used to irrigate/water the crops/fields (of dates and vegetables)
• where the tunnel reaches the surface/emerges trees are planted; this provides shade/reduces evaporation
• the karez is dotted with vertical shafts; this allows for cleaning/repairs to prevent blockages in the tunnels (and if completed regularly the karez can last for a century or longer)
  Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of using the karez system of irrigation.

• (traditional skilled) labour is needed to dig/maintain the tunnels/not many people with this knowledge/skill
• digging/boring/maintenance takes a lot of workers/time/is hard manual work/is dangerous work/requires machinery
• is expensive to build/lining the tunnels with (pvc/plastic) pipes is expensive
• machinery used to bore/dig causes air pollution/harmful gases
• owned by a co-operative/many owners/different percentage shares/can cause conflict/disagreements over sharing/not enough to go around
• water flowing through a karez cannot be stopped/water can be wasted/it is inefficient/tunnels can leak/water is absorbed into the ground/supplies too much water/can spoil crops
• have to use the water as soon as it flows (any time of day)
• need frequent maintenance/repairs/cleaning
• water is drying up/use of tubewells has lowered the water table/wells and tunnels must be dug deeper
• water is not (always) taken directly to the crops/(often) has to be transported to the crops/only irrigates a small area
• only feasible in specific geological landscapes
  2 @ 1 mark

(d) To what extent can agricultural practices and water management be improved to prevent
waterlogging and salinity? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples
you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Content guide
It is possible to improve agricultural practices and water management to prevent waterlogging and salinity by:

• leaving parts of the land fallow – preventative measure
• building more dams/reservoirs to store more water
• lining/temporary closure of canals to reduce water leakages
• installing tubewells to flush the salt out of the soil/so flow of water for irrigation can be controlled
• planting eucalyptus trees to take in excess water when land is badly waterlogged
• digging surface/sub-surface drains
• removing salts by adding gypsum/by reducing fertiliser use
• Salinity Control and Reclamation Projects (SCARP)
• government legislation, e.g. water quotas
• cultivating salt tolerant crops
• using high-yielding varieties which require less irrigation
• using saline land for livestock farming

It is not possible to improve agricultural practices and water management to prevent waterlogging and salinity due to:

• cost/time taken for farmers to maintain canals/tunnels
• lack of investment in methods
• replacing traditional methods with tubewells lowers the water table and provides water for fewer farmers
• literacy/education levels may mean some farmers continue to over-irrigate
• SCARP projects date from 1958 and large public tubewells are deteriorating/reaching end of their life
• lack of access to/cannot afford high yielding varieties
• traditional irrigation systems are communally owned, change requires agreement/may generate disagreement

summer 2021

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph.

Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in
Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5]

• each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface
  water = 1 mark – max 2 marks;
• each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark
  – max 3 marks.
  Note: Any order accepted.
  5 @ 1 mark

(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan.

• directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;
• from wells/groundwater/from aquifers;
• via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps;
• collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof);
• using desalination.
  3 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

• thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;
• mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input;
• iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace;
• HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the
  turbines;
• pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections
  etc;
• tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc;
• food processing/beverages; for preparing
  juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc;
• chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc;
• textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc;
• cement industry;
  Etc.
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
  development.
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(ii) Define ‘irrigation’.

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.
1 @ 1 mark

(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan.

• shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.
• charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well.
• Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of
  pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that
  lead to the field.
• karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the
  underground water to the surface where it can be used.
• inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is
  high enough and when it is in flood.
• diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often
  used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields.
• tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make
  a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season.
  Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description.
  2 @ 1 mark

(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence
farms.

Advantages:

• can produce higher yields;
• extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round;
• more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land;
• can control the amount of water used;
• can grow a wider range of crops;
• can use over a wide area;
• saves time;
• more reliable than rainfall;
• can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel;
  Etc.
  Disadvantages:
• cost of installation/maintenance;
• difficult to build;
• inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow
  melt enters the rivers;
• waterlogging of soil;
• can increase salinity of soil;
• can cause siltation of barrages;
• unlined canals lead to seepage;
  Etc.
  Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks
  4 @ 1 mark

(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025.
To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming
a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Effective management of the water supply may help because:

• Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the
  country;
• much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional
  methods;
• water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited
  environmental regulation;
• Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving
  water/reusing grey water;
  Etc.
  Effective management of the water supply may not help because:
• population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled
  first;
• Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an
  international issue that requires multi-national agreements;
• the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated;
  Etc.

winter 2020

(ii) Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showing a type of lift irrigation.

Describe how water is obtained for irrigation using this method.

• Persian wheel;
• animals are used to turn/moves a wheel;
• the animals are blindfolded;
• turns a horizontal/smaller wheel;
• attached/geared to a vertical/larger wheel;
• buckets or pots attached to the wheel;
• the pots raise water from the well;
• pots spill contents into the channel to fields/irrigate field.
  4 @ 1 mark

(iii) List two ways the livestock shown in Fig. 1.2 can be used other than as draught power
for irrigation.

• ploughing/threshing/harvesting;
• pulling carts;
• carrying heavy loads/raw materials/people/transport;
• for meat/milk/skin/hides/dung/or other product.
  2 @ 1 mark

(iii) What is waterlogging? Tick (3) one correct answer from the list below:

The water table rises to the surface.
1 @ 1 mark

winter 2019

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.

(i) Name rivers V, W, X and Y.

V = Indus
W= Jhelum
X = Chenab
Y = Ravi
4 @ 1 mark

(ii) Name dam Z shown on Fig. 2.1.

Z= Mangla Dam
1 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) Name two examples of barrages.

• Amandarra
• Balochi
• Chasma
• Guddu
• Islam
• Jinnah
• Kotri
• Kurrangarhi
• Marala
• Panjnad
• Qadirabad
• Rasul
• Siddha
• Sukkur
• Sulaimanka
• Taunsa
• Trimma
  2 @ 1 mark

(ii) State the differences between barrages and dams.

• Dams store water / barrages control flow of water;
• Barrages can supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are
  major suppliers of hydel power);
• Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages);
• Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
• Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longer
  for dams);
• Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams);
• Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages;
• Barrages have less environmental impact than dams;
• Barrages can be built on flat land (dams require steep slopes);
• Dams have multiple uses whereas barrages do not;
• Dams provide water for a larger area than barrages;
• Barrage to deviate channel to an area where there is no river;
• Do not need to excavate a large area for barrages.
  4 @ 1 mark

(iii) Suggest four problems caused by siltation. [4]

• Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty /
  pipes blocked / reduces capacity of reservoir / less water stored;
• Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks
  irrigation canals or pipes / water cannot get through / floods may occur;
• Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or strengthened /
  flow of flood water is hampered and can damage dam / damage to
  turbines or machinery;
• Not enough water for irrigation / industry / domestic use;
• Reduces water available for hydel power / generation of hydel power
  stopped;
• Encourages growth of algae / eutrophication.

(c) Explain why rivers are important to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

• Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure (dev);
• Provides water; especially to areas where rainfall is low/named;
  examples / sustains life or drinking water (dev);
• Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power
  shortages / reduces need to import coal or oil / reduces need to use
  fossil fuels (dev) / one of main sources of electricity;
• Adds alluvium to soil; so, improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop
  growth (dev);
• For fishing industry / subsistence fishing; provides income or food
  supply to local areas / people (dev);
• Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples, e.g.
  cooking / cleaning (dev);
• Provides water for industries; named examples, e.g. cement, brick
  making, cotton (dev);
• Provides water for irrigation / agriculture / farming; used to irrigate /
  water crops / feed livestock / or named examples, e.g. wheat / cotton /
  sugar cane (dev);
• Transport; for trade / avoid using roads or rail / access to ports (dev);
  Etc.
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
  development (in parentheses).
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(d) Read the following two views about providing solutions to the challenges of water supply in
Pakistan:

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Small dams

• Cheaper to construct;
• Less technical expertise needed;
• Can be built more quickly;
• Minimal disruption to people and environment;
  Etc.
  Large dams
• More people will benefit;
• Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country;
• Provides employment opportunities;
• A bigger area is utilized;
  Etc.

summer 2017

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5, which shows a diagram of the karez system of irrigation.

Choose three terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in three of the
spaces provided.
maintenance shaft aquifer canal tunnel water table [3]

Any three of (L to R):
canal, aquifer, water table, maintenance shaft, tunnel
3 @ 1 mark

(ii) Give an example of a barrage in Pakistan and name the river it is on.

(iii) State why barrages are needed in Pakistan.

• Irrigation/release water for irrigation;
• Provide water supply to perennial canals/link canals;
• Flood control;
• Flow of water controlled;
• To stimulate economic development/industry/settlement.
  2 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) Describe two ways in which the atmosphere in Pakistan can be polluted.

• Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases/harmful gases from
  factories/tanneries/industries/chimneys/power stations;
• Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases from vehicle exhausts;
• Burning fossil fuels;
• Clearing forests by burning;
• Release of gases/methane from livestock/rice/paddy fields/landfill;
• Burning domestic rubbish/incineration;
• Air pollution/dust from mineral extraction/mining/ quarrying.
  2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Explain how the use of chemical fertilisers on farms damages the natural environment.
You should develop your answer.

• Cause pollution of rivers/watercourses (runoff from farmland
  containing chemicals washes into them);
• Pollution of groundwater (from infiltration eventually entering rivers,
  polluting them);
• Eutrophication in rivers (nitrates/phosphates cause algal blooms
  which increase CO2/reduce O2)/(killing fish/aquatic animals/destroy
  aquatic life);
• Causes ecosystem to be unbalanced (through loss/ extinction of
  species) (through disruption to food chains/ food webs);
• Overuse of fertilisers (damages soil/makes soil infertile/
  poisons/damages natural vegetation).
  ETC.
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
  development (in parentheses).
  Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(c) Study Fig. 6, which shows water use by sector in Pakistan in 2008.

(i) A Which sector used least water?

B How much water was used by the irrigation/livestock sector?

A Domestic
B 94% (allow 93–95%)
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Name a type of industry that uses large amounts of water.

One of:
Beverages/soft drinks/juice industry/dyeing/tanning/printing/
iron/steel/nuclear/textiles/chemical/pharmaceutical/hydel/
HEP/paper/tourism/leisure/inland fish farms.
1 @ 1 mark

(iii) About 60% of irrigation water is lost before it reaches crops. Give three reasons why
irrigation water is lost in this way.

• Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal
  lining;
• Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of
  canals/tanks/flooded land;
• Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
• Theft of water/theft from canals;
• Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
• Mismanagement.
  3 @ 1 mark

(d) Read the following two views about water shortages in Pakistan:

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider both View A and View B in your answer.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
For infrastructure

• Prevents loss of water downstream into sea
• Collects rainfall/snowmelt
• Reservoirs feed perennial canals
• Can store large amounts of water
  Against infrastructure
• Source of conflict between countries and provinces
• Social issues
• Loss of fresh water at Indus Delta
• Water intrusion into Sindh
• High initial investment
• Little use in Balochistan where rivers dry up
• Mismanagement by provincial/national government
• Siltation occurs
  For water saving
• Planting trees
• Lining canals
• Careful monitoring/regulation of amount of water used
• Better forms of water storage in homes
• Water meters in homes/industries
  Against water saving
• Long time scale required to educate sufficient number of people
• Resistance to education
• Water a valuable raw material in industry
• Growing population with increasing demand for drinking water
• Development goal to increase availability of water
  ETC.

summer 2016

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station.

A. On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement of
water through the power station.
B. Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two of
the spaces provided.
outflow turbine reservoir dam [3]

A: Arrow(s) drawn downwards through channel
B: From L to R: reservoir dam turbine outflow
NB: ‘water intake’ top left space not used

(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]

Tarbela/Mangla/Warsak

(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii). [2]

HEP/electricity [generation]
Irrigation
Water supply / stores water [for industrial/domestic use]
Controlling floods
Recreation/named recreational use/tourist attraction
Fishing

O level / IGCSE Geography past paper practice | Natural resources – an issue of sustainability ((b) Forests)

winter 2023

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), a map showing natural vegetation types found in southern
Pakistan.
Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of riverain forest / bela.

• (only) along the River (Indus)/both sides of the river
• southern part of River (Indus)
• S/SE/E of Pakistan
• linear pattern/in a line/in separate blocks/not a continuous line
• there are 7 sections of forest
• N/NE of Arabian Sea/W of India/E/SE of Iran/SE of Afghanistan
• surrounded by tropical thorn/accurate direction from another named vegetation type
• runs between latitude 24 °N to 28 °N
• along longitude 68 °E (accept 67 °E to 69 °E)
• begins (40–60km) inland/doesn’t reach the coast
• 350–500km length (along the river)
  3 @ 1 mark

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph showing a type of vegetation found in Pakistan.
Identify the type of vegetation shown in the photograph. Circle the correct answer.
evergreen forest mangrove tropical thorn / rakh [1]

mangrove
1 @ 1 mark

(iii) Using Fig. 3.2 (Insert) only, describe two characteristics of the type of vegetation shown.

• grow in water
• roots are long/woody/thick/tangled/gnarled/knobbly ‘knees’
• roots are above ground/above water surface/exposed
• roots spread over a wide area/widespread/spread out
• leaves are small/green/thick
• leaves are pointing upwards/at the top
• trunk(s)/branches are thin/multiple
  2 @ 1 mark

winter 2020

4 Study Fig. 4.1, a pie graph showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total forest cover by
province-level area.

(a) (i) Complete the pie graph in Fig. 4.1 to show the percentage of total forest cover found in
Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh. Use the information below and the key provided:

1 mark for accurate completion of line on pie chart (11%/9% or vice versa),
1 mark for Sindh correctly shaded, 1 mark for Gilgit-Baltistan
correctly shaded
3 @ 1mark

(ii) Complete the passage below about reasons for the variations in the percentage share
of forest cover shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose the correct words from the list and place them
in the spaces provided.

KPK has the largest percentage share of forest cover in Pakistan because the climate is more suitable for growing trees. There are fewer trees in Punjab because the land is needed for cultivation. Some areas may have suffered more from deforestation than others.
3 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) State three functions of forests in Pakistan.

• provides shade/lowers temperature;
• provides humus/fertilises soil;
• prevent soil erosion/landslides;
• reduces flooding/prevent silt/reduce surface runoff;
• used for timber;
• used for fuel wood/firewood/wood;
• for making products e.g. furniture/boats/paper/trucks/bridges;
• provide oxygen/reduce carbon dioxide/air pollution/purify air;
• shelter for wildlife/habitat;
• building houses;
• for domestic use/cooking;
• scenic beauty/recreation opportunities/tourism;
• for medicinal purposes/in pharmaceutical industry;
• provide moisture through evapotranspiration;
• mangroves protect coastlines/provide breeding ground for fish;
• provides food/fruit/nuts/herbs.
  3 @ 1 mark

(ii) State one difference between productive forests and protection forests.

• productive forests are mainly natural/high tree density/forest canopy is
  closed/great commercial value/mostly used for extraction of
  timber/wood/firewood;
• protection forests are mainly planted by people/man-made/often
  linear/along roads/railways/in parks/little commercial value/main
  function is to protect the soil/provide shade.
  2 @ 1 mark

(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing how altitude affects vegetation type.

Using Fig. 4.2 and your own knowledge, suggest how altitude affects the type and
amount of vegetation in Pakistan.

• fewer trees grow as altitude increases/more trees grow at lower
  altitudes;
• more variety of trees/forests/grow at lower altitudes/named
  examples/altitude affects temperature lower altitudes are warmer which
  results in a wider variety of trees/forests;
• mangrove forests are along coastline/mouth of rivers/low altitude/sea
  level to 1000 m/irrigated/riverain/sub-tropical/tropical thorn;
• high/mid-altitudes only have evergreen/coniferous/alpine trees/types of
  leaves described/sloping branches;
• only coniferous grow 1000–4000 m;
• altitude affects temperature/temperature decreases with height which
  results in stunted growth of trees at 4000 m and above/alpine forests;
• 4000–4500 m only alpine grow/highest forest is alpine/alpine found just
  below snow line;
• no trees grow above the snowline/above 4500 m.
  4 @ 1 mark

(c) Explain two effects of deforestation on the natural environment of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer.

• exposure of soil (1); leads to soil erosion by wind or water (dev);
• no roots to slow down infiltration (1); leads to flooding (dev);
• habitat loss/less shade for animals (1); leads to extinction of
  animals/species (dev);
• breaks down the food chain (1) leads to extinction (dev);
• more CO2 in the atmosphere/more pollution in the air (1); increased
  global warming/climate change/increased temperatures/because trees
  act as filters/trees absorb pollutants (dev);
• increased surface runoff (1); due to lack of roots to slow down
  movement of water/which could lead to flooding (dev);
• amount of rainfall is decreased/water cycle disrupted (1); due to less
  evapotranspiration (dev).
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
  development.
  Note: Possible opportunity to allow a further mark or marks for additional
  development.
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2marks

(d) The United Nations environment programme supports Pakistan’s initiatives with forest
owners, the timber industry and forest-dependent communities to keep its forests alive and
healthy by controlling deforestation and degradation.
To what extent can initiatives on forests encourage further sustainable development in
Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Forest initiatives can encourage further sustainable development

• there is a financial incentive for the government/country to protect their
  forests and reduce deforestation;
• it is an international initiative so likely to be implemented and monitored
  effectively;
• specific criteria clearly identified for governments/countries to adopt;
• examples of sustainable management strategies for implementation
  e.g. plant a tree for everyone cut down;
• use of LPG/CNG or other fuels will lead to less deforestation;
• education about the importance of trees and sustainable development
  of forests;
• local landowners given a financial incentive to plant trees rather than
  other uses/named examples;
• encourage eco-tourism;
  Etc.

Ideas against

• individual landowners will still deforest areas if they need the land for
  other purposes or examples of what land is needed for;
• it is not clear how much will be paid to the government/country for their
  co-operation;
• the financial incentives may not be lucrative enough compared to the
  financial benefits of deforestation;
• long term project/investment as takes time for trees to grow;
• resistance to education about the importance of trees in some tribal
  areas;
• political/government changes can alter forest laws;
• initiatives may be mismanaged;
• illegal cutting of trees/cutting cannot be controlled;
  Etc.
  Named examples could include: The Tarbela/Mangla Watershed
  Management Project/Rachna Doab Afforestation Project/Billion Trees
  project/Agha Khan Rural Support Programme etc.

summer 2018

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing forest types in Pakistan.

Name the forest types shown at A, B and C:

• Forest type A – Coniferous;
• Forest type B – Subtropical scrub / subtropical dry / subtropical thorn / dry
  thorn scrub;
• Forest type C – Tropical thorn / rakh.
  3 @ 1 mark

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1, name two areas in Pakistan where mangroves grow.

• Coastal areas of Sindh / Indus Delta;
• Coastal areas of Balochistan / Sonmiani Bay;
• Along the coastline of / near the Arabian Sea.
  2 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) Describe two natural characteristics of mangrove forests.

• Broad / big leaves / leaves have drip tips;
• Leaves are leathery / have reduced number of stomata;
• Low trees and shrubs;
• Height 3–8 m;
• Can survive in salty water;
• Roots filter salt / have aerial roots / have prop roots / roots stick up out of
  water;
• Prefer clean / unpolluted water.
  2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Describe two functions of forests.

• Protect soil from erosion / being blown away;
• Lower the temperature / provide shade / create a more pleasant
  environment;
• Provide humus to fertilise the soil;
• Provide raw materials / named example, e.g. timber (for industry) /
  furniture / medicines / firewood;
• Many jobs depend on forests / examples of jobs;
• Recreational value / promote tourism / provide scenic beauty;
• Prevent floods;
• Take in CO2 / release O2;
• Provide habitat for wildlife;
• Increase / encourage rainfall / create transpiration;
• Help with desalination (Eucalyptus trees).
  2 @ 1 mark

(iii) Suggest three physical factors which determine the type and density of forests.

• Altitude, e.g. high altitude = fir / spruce / alpine;
• Precipitation, e.g. dry areas = thorny bushes / scrub;
• Precipitation, e.g. high precipitation = coniferous / evergreen forests;
• Soil type / edaphic factors, e.g. salty areas = mangroves / fertile soil =
  high density;
• Temperature, e.g. low / cold = alpine;
• Temperature, e.g. high / hot / warm = tropical scrub;
• Presence of rivers = riverain / bela;
• Presence of oases = individual trees / palms.
  3 @ 1 mark

(c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows a coniferous tree.

Explain how this type of tree has adapted to the climatic conditions it grows in. You
should develop your answer.

Ideas showing how the tree has adapted to the climate such as:

• Evergreen – no need to renew leaves / short growing season;
• Compact conical shape – stabilises the tree in windy conditions / releases
  snow / prevents snow accumulation;
• Needles instead of leaves – reduces moisture loss;
• Tall / straight trunk – in order to grow straight towards sunlight;
• Cones – protect seeds during cold months;
• Downward pointing branches – allows snow to easily fall off;
• Shallow root system – as soils are thin / subsoil is frozen for most of the
  year;
• Long / wide spreading roots – helps to anchor the tree against strong
  winds;
• Thick bark – protects from cold winds.
  Etc.
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
  development (in parentheses).
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(ii) State three causes of deforestation in Pakistan.

• For farming / agriculture / growing crops / irrigation;
• Urbanisation / growth of settlements;
• Construction of roads / railways;
• Industrialisation / growth / spread of industries;
• Use of wood in industry / to sell / examples of use of wood, e.g. timber /
  furniture;
• Mining / extraction of raw materials;
• For fuelwood / cooking / heating;
• Overgrazing causes more trees to be cleared for cattle;
• Fire;
• Flooding;
• Reservoirs for dams.
  3 @ 1 mark

(d) Around 5 per cent of the land area of Pakistan is forested. To meet sustainable development
targets the amount of land covered by forest needs to increase to 25 per cent by 2030. Read
the following two views about possible uses of land in Pakistan:

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Importance of forests
Protect against soil erosion important for the future of agriculture;
Protect areas against flooding important for settlements and industry;
A valuable resource for industry;
Without forests other industries / example(s) of industries will not succeed;
Help to regulate the climate / carbon sink;
Mangroves protect against tropical cyclones / without mangroves industry and housing can be lost;
Development of tourism / ecotourism / sustainable tourism.
Importance of other uses of land
Needs to be used for developing industry / land too valuable for growing trees;
Land is limited;
Growing population needs new settlements / construction of settlements;
More food needs to be grown for growing population and for export;
Trees take a long time to grow so have to wait for a capital return on them;
For named infrastructure development, e.g. roads / electricity grid.
Etc.

winter 2017

(c) (i) Name one type of tree grown on plantations in Pakistan.

One of: babul, shisham, acacia, coniferous / spruce / fir, eucalyptus, jhand,
tamarisk, fruit trees.
1 @ 1 mark

(ii) Describe three physical factors which influence the distribution of forests.

• Rainfall – in sufficient quantity / distributed throughout the year / arid areas
  only thorn or scrub / wetter areas for evergreen / broad-leafed;
• Temperature – mild / warm for non-coniferous / cool / cold for coniferous;
• Extent of water supply other than rainfall – oases / aquifer at surface, river
  banks, sea / estuary / delta for mangroves / tolerates salt;
• Soil – alluvium for mangrove / riverain / soil type influences density of
  forest;
• Altitude – types of forest vary with altitude / only up to treeline at 4000 m /
  coniferous
  1000–4000 m / thorn / scrub / riverain below 1000 m.
  3 @ 1 mark

summer 2016

(b) (i) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph. [1]

Subtropical dry / subtropical scrub / dry thorn scrub /subtropical thorn

(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in Pakistan.

Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]

Overall decreased
Natural forest decreased
Plantations increased
Other woodland increased

(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]

Natural forests are not planted by man: plantations are planted by man/man-made
Natural forests have greater variety of species/greater biodiversity

(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why more forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]

Pakistan has one of the lowest proportions of its total area under forest in the world
To meet a target for % total area covered in forest (20–25%)
To replace trees cut down / to meet the needs of future generations from forests
For firewood (thereby conserving natural forest)
For commercial use/timber/wood-based industries (using timber as a raw material e.g. furniture making) /fruit trees/medicines To prevent siltation in rivers/canals, to decrease surface runoff, to prevent soil erosion/landslides (preserves top layer of fertile soil for agriculture) /landslides, to increase rainfall
To create habitat (to conserve animals / wildlife) / to create scenic beauty (to boost tourism)/to create shade/cooler temperatures
To purify air/produce O2 / to absorb CO2 (which will help prevent global warming)
To prevent / control flooding

winter 2016

(c) Study Fig. 2 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.

(i) In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]

(Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine
(Mark as one or two correct 1 mark; three or four correct 2 marks)

(ii) For one of the forest types you have named in (i):

• Describe the features of the forest.
• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there.

• Describe the features of the forest – 2 marks
• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there – 2 marks [4]

Description: 2 Marks	Uses / Purpose: 2 Marks	General points: max 1 Mark
MANGROVE   • Leaves – broad / drip tips / leathery / pointed • Low / 3–8 m / do not grow tall / general height 3 m • Grow on mudflats • Survive in sea water / salt tolerant • Roots bend into water • Roots filter salt from water	• Firewood • Breeding ground for fish / shrimps • Leaves food / nutrition for fish • Fodder for camels / livestock • Protects from coastal erosion • Furniture • Thatching material • Barrier against floods, tsunami, storms / intensity of earthquakes	• Reduce surface run-off • Prevent floods • Prevent soil erosion • Protect against air pollution / purify air • Protect soil (conserve soil) • Humus to increase soil fertility • Increase rainfall • Timber • Habitats / breeding and conserving areas for birds and wildlife
RIVERAIN / BELA   • Shishum / • babul / willow / dhak • Commercial hardwoods	• For furniture / agricultural instruments / construction • Firewood
IRRIGATED   • Blocks of same species shishum / babul / eucalyptus / jhand • Dense / compact	• Firewood • Shade • For construction / fencing
CONIFEROUS / ALPINE • 30 m • Spruce / fir / deodar / kail / chir • Evergreen • Conical shape / downward sloping branches • Leaves small / narrow / needle-shaped / leathery • Roots wide-spreading / shallow • Survive in low temps	• For furniture / boxes / crates • For paper and pulp • Protection from landslides • Tourism • For scenic beauty • For construction • Firewood

What is sustainable development?

Sustainable development is defined as that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

This means that the resources should be used in such a way that not only the present generation benefits from them, but the future generations also continue to benefit from them.

Define sustainable forestry.

Sustainable forestry means that we should manage the forest resources in such a way as to ensure that we will be able to obtain the things that we want from the forests on a regular basis while conserving the natural environment.

The disastrous redesign of Pakistan’s rivers | documentary | video watch

Development of the irrigation system in Pakistan | Video watch

Watch in this video what a ‘shaduf’ looks like:

Watch in this video what a charsa looks like:

Watch in this video what a Persian wheel looks like:

The ‘karez’ is called ‘qanat’ in Iran (Persia):

Watch what a canal system looks like:

Video | Why do we have different seasons?

The Environment of Pakistan / Climate / Past Paper Practice

w-2023

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for Multan
and Lahore.

Complete Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 to show the rainfall for Multan and Lahore in August
using the information below.

Complete Fig. 2.1. and Fig. 2.2. to show the rainfall for Multan and Lahore in August using the information below.
Multan = 35 mm
Lahore = 175 mm
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 only, compare the climate of Multan with the climate of
Lahore.

• Lahore has higher/more rainfall/Multan has lower/less rainfall
• Multan has higher temperatures/Lahore has (slightly) lower temperatures
• Lahore has some rainfall every month of the year but Multan does not/has no rainfall in October
• the rainfall patterns/the temperature patterns are similar
• both have highest rainfall in July
• both have lowest temperature in January
• both have the highest temperature in June
• comparative temperature data: highest temperature in Multan is 36 °C vs in Lahore 33.5 °C (accept  1 °C) lowest temperature in Multan is 13 °C vs in Lahore 12 °C (accept  1 °C) mean temperature 26 °C Multan vs 23 °C Lahore (accept  2 °C) temperature range 23 °C Multan vs 22 °C Lahore (accept  1 °C)
• comparative rainfall data: total rainfall 193 mm Multan vs 686 mm Lahore (accept  10 mm) highest rainfall in Multan is 60 mm vs in Lahore 250 mm lowest rainfall in Multan is 0 mm vs in Lahore 4 mm
  Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of temperature and rainfall.
  Statements must be comparative.
  3 @ 1 mark

(iii) What type of climate region does Fig. 2.2 show? Suggest one reason for your answer.

• climate region: semi-arid/lowland
• reason: it has low temperatures/mild/cool/cold winters/–5–25 °C in winter it has high temperatures/hot/warm summers/20–40 °C in summer it has some rainfall all year/high rainfall in summer/ monsoon rainfall/250–750 mm rainfall
  2 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) State three factors that affect temperature in Pakistan.

• latitude/distance from the equator/Tropic of Cancer
• continentality/maritime effect/inland area/in a coastal area/distance from sea
• altitude
• cloud cover/rainfall/monsoon
• shade/vegetation/deforestation
• angle of the sun/seasons/time of year
• wind direction
• climate change/global warming
  3 @ 1 mark

(ii) Describe the distribution of convectional rainfall and monsoon rainfall across Pakistan.

• convectional and/or monsoon rainfall are found in N/NW /both types found in N/NW
  convectional rainfall:
• a smaller area/few areas affected/localised
• Punjab/KPK experience convectional rainfall
• southern areas are deprived of convectional rainfall
  monsoon rainfall:
• more areas/larger area/widespread areas affected
• in NE/central/SE
• in KPK/Punjab/Sindh
• on the Indus plain
• (secondary/overactive monsoon) affect the sea/coastal area/Sindh coast
• monsoon reaches the Thar desert
  Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of convectional and monsoon rainfall
  3 @ 1 mark

(iii) Explain the causes of the monsoon in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

The south-west monsoon:

• winds blow/bring moist air from the ocean/sea/originate from Indian Ocean/Bay of Bengal; the winds blow inland causing rainfall
• in summer, sun heats up land/continent; land warms faster than the ocean
• warm air over the land rises; this creates low pressure over land
• air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from sea to land
  The north-east monsoon:
• during winter, the land is cool; the oceans are warmer than the land
• cool air over the land sinks; high pressure is created over the land/Tropic of Cancer
• air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from land to sea
• the winds are mostly dry; because they formed over a dry area
  Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
  2 @ 2 marks

(c) State two types of weather associated with a depression.

• cyclone/(thunder)storm
• rainfall/monsoon/precipitation/damp/wet
• cloudy
• windy
  2 @ 1 mark

Note: A depression is a weather term meaning an area of low pressure, wind, cloud and usually rain.

(d) Evaluate the impact of rain storms on agriculture, industry and communications in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

Content guide
Impact on agriculture:

• negative as agriculture is a major contributor to economy
• damage to/loss of crops will significantly reduce earnings
• damage would mean having to import more food/crops to meet the needs of the population which will burden the economy
• without agricultural production other economic sectors will be negatively impacted/people will be unable to work
• may result in people losing their jobs/many subsistence farmers will have no food or ability to trade
• not only the current crop will be affected but the following years will also be affected due to the time taken to clean up the land and re-plant the seeds
• replenished rivers and reservoirs can be used as irrigation
• farmland can recover naturally as flood waters recede
  Impact on industry and communications:
• industry and communications negatively affected
• could cost more to restore factories/roads etc. than farmland
• more people can lose their jobs in factories if they are closed
• rainstorms cut off power supply which stops production
• manufactured products have a higher value than agricultural products which means that there will be potentially greater loss to the economy if industries are affected
• if roads/railways are flooded the movement of people/goods and agricultural products will be stopped
• businesses/factories can afford to put preventative measures in place to reduce the impacts of flooding

w-2022

Study the following figure which is a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

(i) Using the above figure only, describe the pattern of annual rainfall. [3]

یہاں آپ کو بس تین پوائنٹس بتانے ہیں۔ سی اے آئی ای کی آنسر کی دی جارہی ہے؛ جس میں کوئی بھی تین پوائنٹس چنے جا سکتے ہیں۔

• uneven/varied
• high/er rainfall/more rainfall in north/north-east/rainfall increases further north
• low/er rainfall/less rainfall in the south/south-west/south-east/rainfall decreases further south
• largest region has 126–250 mm annual rainfall
• north/north-east of Pakistan/small area on Afghanistan border has highest/750 mm+ rainfall
• (two areas) in south-west and east/south-east have the lowest/0–125 mm rainfall
• areas bordering India/Iran/southern Afghanistan/Arabian Sea are drier/lower rainfall
• highest rainfall 501 mm+ is only found at latitude 33 N or higher
• lowest rainfall 0–250 mm is only found at latitude 30 N or lower
• accurate use of scale to describe size of an area within the pattern (max 1)

(ii) Name rivers U, V and W shown on the figure. [3]

U = River Sutlej
V = River Dasht
W= River Indus

(iii) Which of the following statements about monsoons in Pakistan are correct? Tick three boxes in the table below. [3]

correct answers:

• monsoons are seasonal
• monsoon winds are seasonally reversed and driven by temperature differences between the land and sea
• winter winds are called north-east monsoons

(iv) Study the figure, a photograph of a recent cyclone in South Asia.
Using the figure only, describe two impacts of the cyclone shown. [2]

ان میں سے کوئی دو پوائنٹس استعمال کیے جاسکتے ہیں۔

• strong winds
• trees being bent/blown/damaged
• clothes blowing in wind/people struggling to walk
• big/high waves
• heavy rain
• air is full of moisture/spray/misty
• reduced visibility
• streetlights/vehicle lights on (in daytime)
• people having to wear waterproof gear/ponchos
• flooding (of coastal area)/flooded road/street
• difficult/dangerous to drive/use vehicles/use transport
• people cannot travel by moped/motorcycle/motorbike/bike have to push them

(v) Scientific evidence suggests that cyclones are likely to continue to increase in severity and frequency across South Asia due to climate change.
Evaluate the influence of storms such as cyclones on secondary and tertiary industries in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

اس سوال کے جواب میں آپ نے دو نکات نظر پر مختصر بحث کر کے نتیجہ نکالنا ہے۔ پہلا نکتہ نظر یہ ہوگا کہ سائیکلونز سے سیکنڈری اور ٹرشری صنعتیں متاثر ہوتی ہیں۔ جب کہ دوسرا نظریہ یہ ہوگا کہ ان صنعتوں پر ہونے والے اثرات محدود نوعیت کے ہوتے ہیں۔

جواب کے پہلے پیراگراف میں ان میں سے کچھ نکات تحریر کیے جاسکتے ہیں۔

• industries may be flooded/damaged
• high cost of repairs/clean-up operations to the industry
• industries, e.g. shops may lose trade/have to close down
• loss of jobs which will lead to reduction in wealth
• communications infrastructure, e.g. internet/phone lines to offices/call centres/factories cut off, topping work
• roads/railways damaged causing disrupted transport of goods to market
• power lines damaged; leading to delay in production in factories/power cuts mean shops/restaurants, etc. can’t operate
• ports closed; so imports/exports have to stop during the storm leading to lack of imported raw materials for secondary industries
• tourists will be put off visiting coastal areas
• hotels damaged/destroyed
• flights stopped or delayed

دوسرے پیراگراف میں ان نکات کو دائرہ تحریر میں لایا جاسکتا ہے۔

• storm management schemes can protect coastal areas from the impacts of storms, e.g. planting mangroves along the coastline
• building coastal defences can protect nearby industries, e.g. embankments/sea walls
• flood warnings/warning system for employees and tourists to follow
• practicing evacuation procedures/building evacuation shelters
• weather forecasting/shipping forecast
• set up of early warning systems to warn ships/fishing boats prevents damage to equipment
• flood proofing businesses/shops/hotels/factories
• industries, e.g. factories have emergency power generators

ایک ممکنہ نتیجہ یعنی ججمنٹ ان الفاظ میں دیا جاسکتا ہے۔

• although the severity and frequency of storms is increasing in south Asia, Pakistan is rarely badly affected by them
• it is only coastal areas that are affected so the majority of industries and communications will remain unaffected by cyclones
• tourists will still visit Pakistan and many tourists visit places with extreme weather
• storms do not last long so disruption is just for a short time

w-21

(i) Study the figure, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

Complete the figure by shading area Y using the information below and the key.
Y = 126–250 mm of annual rainfall [1]

(ii) Study the following figure, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan.

Identify temperature region Z shown on the figure. [1]

Warm summer, mild winter.

(iii) Using information from the above two figures only, complete the passage describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

[3]

There is a weak relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall experience hot summers and mild winters, whereas areas of high rainfall experience cooler summers and winters.

(iv) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in western Pakistan. [3]

• Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/
  Peshawar/northern Pakistan;
• Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter;
• Quetta dry for rest of year/only/most rain received is from Western
  Depressions;
• Quetta has its highest rainfall/49 mm in February;
• Peshawar has its highest rainfall/78 mm in March;
• as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/
  no rainfall.

(v) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. [4]

• altitude; for every 1000 metres in height temperature drops by
  approximately 6.5 °C /as altitude increases there is less atmosphere
  above, so less pressure. This lower pressure means air molecules
  spread further away from each other, which has a cooling effect;
• latitude; areas closer to the equator or southern Pakistan/24°N have
  higher temperatures as sun’s rays are more concentrated/higher angle
  of incidence/areas further away from the equator/northern Pakistan/37°N
  have lower temperatures as sun’s rays spread out over a wider
  area/lower angle of incidence/lose more heat travelling further through
  the atmosphere;
• angle of the sun; the position of the earth in relation to the sun, during
  summer Pakistan is tilted towards the sun and so has higher
  temperatures/during winter it is tilted away from the sun so has lower
  temperatures;
• continentality/maritime influence; interior has higher temperatures as
  there is no cooling effect from the sea/along coastal areas ocean
  currents and prevailing winds have a moderating effect on
  temperature/inland areas heat up quickly in summer, producing hot
  summers/lose heat quickly, so have low average temperatures in winter;
  cloud cover; clouds keep the heat in during the night but can prevent
  solar radiation getting through during the day so can keep the heat out
  (or vice versa);
• amount of vegetation cover/deforestation; areas with dense cover have
  lower temperatures since it provides shade from the sun’s rays or viciversa
  e.g. deserts;
  Etc.
  Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development.
  Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

(vi) Define ‘drought’. [1]

A long period of no/low/very little rainfall.

(vii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. [2]

• desertification/extension of desert areas;
• soil erosion;
• ground/soil dries out/cracks/soil becomes less fertile/infertile/barren;
• animals/aquatic life harmed/die/lose habitat;
• vegetation/trees/plants die;
• drying up of rivers/lakes/streams/water shortage/aridity;
• drop in water table/less groundwater available to plants;
• salt concentrations in water can increase.

(viii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in Pakistan. [4]

Benefits:

• brings tourism e.g. skiing/glacier hikes/holidays/boost
  jobs/economy/scenic beauty attracts tourists;
• frozen water bodies can be used for ice skating;
• (glacial) meltwater in summer is essential for irrigation;
• (glacial) meltwater/plentiful water helps to power hydel schemes;
• cold climate reduces evaporation from reservoirs;
• can grow (temperate) fruits in summer/boost jobs/economy;
• lower need for/cost of air conditioning;

Problems:

• seasonal movement of livestock to lower areas/transhumance-difficult to
  rear animals;
• snow/cold can trap people in homes/people have to move to other areas;
• increased need for/cost of heating buildings;
• roads can become blocked by snow/avalanches, cuts off communities;
• increased chance of frostbite/hypothermia;
• the cold climate makes it difficult to grow most crops e.g. wheat; difficult to work in extreme cold climates so people have to work indoors;
• lakes/rivers freeze over, prevent fishing/scarce water supply;
• avalanches may cause injuries/death;
• seasonal tourism – fewer summer jobs.
  Note: reserve 1 mark for benefits and 1 mark for problems.
  Note: different reasons required for benefits and problems.

agree with View A:

• storms and heavy rainfall can destroy crops very quickly;
• animals/cattle can be washed away/drown/be frightened;
• livelihoods/houses/businesses can be washed away;
• flooded roads create travel problems for business/industry; heavy rain increases soil erosion removing the top fertile layer;
• fields become flooded which can create problems with waterlogging;
• floodwaters from heavy rains can become polluted and spread disease;
• cyclones make it unsafe for boats to go to sea, disrupting fishing;
• winds blow down power lines and phone lines; businesses are left without power or communications.
  Etc.

examples include:

In August 2021 Karachi received 200mm rain in 12 hours, 68 000 people in Sindh forced into relief camps, one million acres of crops were destroyed by the flooding; cotton, vegetables, onions, tomatoes, and sugarcane.

disagree with View A:

• flood protection schemes can protect homes and businesses;
• reservoirs and dams control the flow of water in rivers/hold back water;
• buildings designed to withstand flooding/storm shelters can be built;
• flooding spreads alluvium increasing the fertility of the land for farmers.
  Etc.

agree with View B

• droughts can cause starvation/famine leading to illness and death;
• results in crop failure and death of livestock;
• people suffer from malnutrition and fatigue, so they are unable to work;
• food supplies and fresh water has to be imported;
• shortage of raw materials for industry reduces exports.
  Etc.

examples include

2018/2019 droughts with 1.2 million people suffered from extreme (crisis and emergency level) food insecurity in Southern Pakistan resulted from acute shortages of water, food and fodder and resulted in critical levels of acute malnutrition amongst young children.

disagree with view B

• droughts can be overcome by using irrigation or named examples e.g. karez/perennial canals/use of sea water through desalination
• drought resistant seeds can be used e.g. water efficient varieties of wheat developed by Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC);
• transhumance can be practiced moving animals to areas with water;
• belongings/buildings/homes are not ruined by drought.
  Etc.

evaluation may argue

Storms/heavy rainfall and droughts are as severe as each other as huge loss of life can occur from both/both have a detrimental effect on livelihoods/jobs and the economy. [6]

w-17

Study the figure, which shows climate data for Lahore, Punjab. Lahore has a monsoon climate.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘monsoon’? [1]

• Season / seasonal;
• Seasonal wind / weather pattern;
• Short period of heavy rain / a wet season (Jul to Sept).

(ii) How does the above figure show that the climate in Lahore is typical of a monsoon climate? [2]

• Rainfall concentrated in Jul–Sept / wet season Jul–Sept;
• Little rainfall Oct–Jun / dry season Oct–Jan / Apr–May;
• High annual temperature / 30 °C–34 °C;
• Highest temperature in Jun just before wet season starts.

(iii) Give reasons why Lahore has more rainfall in July than in December. [2]

• July low pressure on land / central Asia. December high pressure on land /
  central Asia or July lower pressure on land / central Asia than December;
• July moist air / rain bearing winds from sea / Indian Ocean / Bay of Bengal:
  December dry winds blow from land to sea / winds reverse from July SW
  to December NE;
• July tail end of monsoon winds reach northern / north-eastern Pakistan /
  December little moisture reaches eastern / north-eastern Pakistan;
• July has high (higher, warmer) temps with more humidity / December has
  low (lower, cooler) temps with less humidity.

(iv) A provincial capital city regularly has the lowest temperatures in Pakistan. Name this city. [1]

Quetta / Gilgit

(v) Describe four impacts of low temperatures on people who live and work in mountain
areas. [4]

• Difficulty with cost of obtaining heating fuel / gas;
• Unable to farm / grow crops / less income from agriculture / transhumance;
• Difficulty travelling by road / rail / air due to named adverse weather, e.g.
  snow / fog / landslides / ice / slippery roads;
• Loss of telecommunications / electricity due to heavy snowfall;
• Isolated / cut off from lowland areas;
• Danger of death from cold / hypothermia, especially for elderly / children;
• Requires adaptations to clothing / housing;
• Income from named tourist opportunities, e.g. mountaineering, rock
  climbing;
• Fewer mosquitoes / biting insects / diseases, e.g. malaria;
• Encouragement of small-scale cottage industries.

w-16

Study the figure which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi.

(i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall? [1]

7 (may simply list the 7 months)

B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [1]

173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm

(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter

(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-bearing
winds come? [2]

Source: [Secondary] monsoon
Direction: SW

(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage
[Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers
Lives lost / injuries / people missing
Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums
Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to get to work
Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics
Damage to workplaces / industry – e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of income or loss of income / disrupts exports
Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs
Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power
Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet / social media
Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread