Month: February 2024

Development of the irrigation system in Pakistan | Video watch

Watch in this video what a ‘shaduf’ looks like:

Watch in this video what a charsa looks like:

Watch in this video what a Persian wheel looks like:

The ‘karez’ is called ‘qanat’ in Iran (Persia):

Watch what a canal system looks like:

Akbar: the consolidation of the Mughal Empire

Who was Akbar?

Akbar was the 3rd Mughal Emperor who is also known as the greatest of all Mughal Emperors by most of the historians. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 CE (49 years) and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. He was the first Mughal ruler who introduced policies (such as abolishing the jizya tax) to win the loyalties of non-Muslim populations.

What is jizyah (جزیہ)?

Jizya (jizyah) is a tax which in an Islamic state is levied on non-Muslim subjects (known as dhimmis) for their protection as a duty of the state. It is no more effective in the modern world.

How important was Bairam Khan to Akbar?

When Humayun died in 1556, Akbar was only thirteen years old and could not ascend to the throne on his own. At that critical moment, it was the loyalist, Bairam Khan who not only defeated Hemu, the biggest immediate threat to the Mughal rule; but in the next four years, he effectively handled other challenges to Akbar’s power. The actual credit of victory in the Second Battle of Panipat undoubtedly goes to Bairam Khan. This success made Akbar the undisputed ruler of Hindustan.

Why did Akbar get Bairam Khan killed?

As Akbar was too young in the beginning of his rein to defend and control his empire, he was aided by his loyalist, Bairam Khan throughout his rule until he turned eighteen years of age. It was when he came into conflict with Bairam Khan as probably his nature and position did not allow him to take dictations from Bairam. He was eager to take over the reins of government into his own hands. Unfortunately, some ladies in the royal family encouraged him to get rid of Bairam Khan who was then deviously assassinated near Gujarat.

شاید کہ تیرے دل میں اتر جائے میری بات

8 فروری 2024 کا سورج طلوع ہوا۔ میرے لیے حسب معمول وہ ایک اور تعطیل کا دن تھا۔ مجھے پتہ تھا کہ آج کے روز دن بھر میں گھر میں مقید رہوں  گا۔ گھر سے باہر نکلا تو ہو سکتا ہے کسی سیاسی  جماعت کے کارکن یا پڑوسی سے ملاقات ہو جائے اور وہ مجھ سے پوچھے کہ میں نے ووٹ ڈالا یا نہیں، ڈالا تو کسے ڈالا؟ چوں کہ انگوٹھے پر سیاہی کا نشان بھی نہیں ہوگا تو جان بچانے کا حل بھی آسان نہیں۔ یہ بتا دیا کہ ہاں جی ووٹ نہیں ڈالا تو پھر شاید وضاحت بھی پیش کرنی پڑے کہ کیوں نہیں ڈالا۔

مجھ سے میرے طلبہ بھی جب یہ سوال کرتے ہیں تو میں انہیں یہی جواب دیتا ہوں کہ میں نے آج تک زندگی میں ووٹ نہیں ڈالا۔

آج سوچا کہ اس سوال کا جواب  یہاں تحریر کردوں کہ میں ووٹ کیوں نہیں ڈالتا۔

اس سوال کی اولین وجہ تو یہ بنتی ہے کہ اس ملک میں انتخابات بہ ظاہر آزادانہ، منصفانہ اور شفاف نہیں ہوتے۔ دھونس دھاندلی اور خریدو فروخت کا سلسلہ جاری رہتا ہے۔ خود ووٹر کو بھی یقین نہیں ہوتا کہ وہ جسے منتخب کررہا ہے وہ کامیاب ہونے کے بعد اپنے حلف پر قائم رہے گا۔ آج ہی ایک خبر پڑھی کہ ایک سیاسی جماعت کے حمایت یافتہ آزاد رکن اسمبلی نے ایک اور سیاسی جماعت میں شمولیت اختیار کر لی ہے کیوں کہ اس دوسری جماعت کے حکومت بنانے کا امکان قوی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ اور بھی وجوہات  ہیں  جو اس دوسری جماعت کو باقی جماعتوں کے مقابلے میں زیادہ پسندیدہ بنا رہی ہیں۔

دوسری وجہ جو مجھے ووٹ ڈالنے سے روکتی ہے وہ سیاسی جماعتوں اور ان کے قائدین کا غیر جمہوری اور غیر اخلاقی طرز عمل ہے۔ مجھے لگتا ہے کہ ان لوگوں کے قول و فعل میں شدید تضاد ہے۔ یہ جو کہتے ہیں وہ کرتے نہیں۔ جب یہ حکومت میں نہیں ہوتے تو عوام کو سبز باغ دکھاتے ہیں، اور جب حکومت میں آتے ہیں تو یہ عوام کو زمینی حقائق کی روشنیوں کے ذریعے ٹرخاتے ہیں۔ نہ تعلیم کا بجٹ بڑھایا جاتا ہے اور نہ ہی صحت کا۔ جب عوام کی بنیادی ضروریات ہی پیش نظر نہ رکھی جائیں تو پھر ایسے قائدین اور ایسی سیاسی جماعتوں کی حمایت کا فائدہ؟

تیسری وجہ یہ ہے کہ کم سے کم ہمارے ملک میں جمہوریت کا اصول میری سمجھ سے بالاتر ہے۔ ایک جماعت جو حکومت بنانے میں کامیاب ہو جاتی ہے، ضروری نہیں وہ اس ملک کے اکثریتی عوام کی پسندیدہ ہو۔ یعنی جوڑ توڑ کے ذریعے یا اس بنیاد پر کہ آپ کو قومی اسمبلی میں مطلوبہ نشستیں مل چکی ہیں آپ حکومت میں آجاتے ہیں، جب کہ ابھی ملک کے اکثریتی عوام آپ کے حامی نہیں۔ مجھے لگتا ہے کہ جمہوری اصولوں کو عقل اور منطق کے مطابق تبدیل کر کے بہتر بنانے کی ضرورت ہے۔ میرے خیال کے مطابق ہر سیاسی جماعت جو انتخابی عمل سے گزرتی ہے، اسے حکومت کا حصہ ہونا چاہیے۔ تاکہ کوئی احساس محرومی کا شکار نہ رہے، اور سب مل کر عوام کی خدمت کریں۔ مسئلہ یہ ہے کہ میں نہیں جانتا کہ اس تجویز کو کس طرح ارباب حل و عقد تک پہنچایا جاسکتا ہے۔ یہ تحریر اسی مقصد کے تحت لکھی گئی ہے کہ شاید  میری یہ تجویز ان لوگوں تک پہنچ جائے جو اس پر غور کر سکیں اور اسے لاگو کر سکیں۔

خالد ریاض  

Featured Post

The Environment of Pakistan / Climate / Past Paper Practice

w-2023

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for Multan
and Lahore.

Complete Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 to show the rainfall for Multan and Lahore in August
using the information below.

Complete Fig. 2.1. and Fig. 2.2. to show the rainfall for Multan and Lahore in August using the information below.
Multan = 35 mm
Lahore = 175 mm
2 @ 1 mark

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 only, compare the climate of Multan with the climate of
Lahore.

  • Lahore has higher/more rainfall/Multan has lower/less rainfall
  • Multan has higher temperatures/Lahore has (slightly) lower temperatures
  • Lahore has some rainfall every month of the year but Multan does not/has no rainfall in October
  • the rainfall patterns/the temperature patterns are similar
  • both have highest rainfall in July
  • both have lowest temperature in January
  • both have the highest temperature in June
  • comparative temperature data: highest temperature in Multan is 36 °C vs in Lahore 33.5 °C (accept  1 °C) lowest temperature in Multan is 13 °C vs in Lahore 12 °C (accept  1 °C) mean temperature 26 °C Multan vs 23 °C Lahore (accept  2 °C) temperature range 23 °C Multan vs 22 °C Lahore (accept  1 °C)
  • comparative rainfall data: total rainfall 193 mm Multan vs 686 mm Lahore (accept  10 mm) highest rainfall in Multan is 60 mm vs in Lahore 250 mm lowest rainfall in Multan is 0 mm vs in Lahore 4 mm
    Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of temperature and rainfall.
    Statements must be comparative.
    3 @ 1 mark

(iii) What type of climate region does Fig. 2.2 show? Suggest one reason for your answer.

  • climate region: semi-arid/lowland
  • reason: it has low temperatures/mild/cool/cold winters/–5–25 °C in winter it has high temperatures/hot/warm summers/20–40 °C in summer it has some rainfall all year/high rainfall in summer/ monsoon rainfall/250–750 mm rainfall
    2 @ 1 mark

(b) (i) State three factors that affect temperature in Pakistan.

  • latitude/distance from the equator/Tropic of Cancer
  • continentality/maritime effect/inland area/in a coastal area/distance from sea
  • altitude
  • cloud cover/rainfall/monsoon
  • shade/vegetation/deforestation
  • angle of the sun/seasons/time of year
  • wind direction
  • climate change/global warming
    3 @ 1 mark

(ii) Describe the distribution of convectional rainfall and monsoon rainfall across Pakistan.

  • convectional and/or monsoon rainfall are found in N/NW /both types found in N/NW
    convectional rainfall:
  • a smaller area/few areas affected/localised
  • Punjab/KPK experience convectional rainfall
  • southern areas are deprived of convectional rainfall
    monsoon rainfall:
  • more areas/larger area/widespread areas affected
  • in NE/central/SE
  • in KPK/Punjab/Sindh
  • on the Indus plain
  • (secondary/overactive monsoon) affect the sea/coastal area/Sindh coast
  • monsoon reaches the Thar desert
    Note: Reserve 1 mark for each of convectional and monsoon rainfall
    3 @ 1 mark

(iii) Explain the causes of the monsoon in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

The south-west monsoon:

  • winds blow/bring moist air from the ocean/sea/originate from Indian Ocean/Bay of Bengal; the winds blow inland causing rainfall
  • in summer, sun heats up land/continent; land warms faster than the ocean
  • warm air over the land rises; this creates low pressure over land
  • air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from sea to land
    The north-east monsoon:
  • during winter, the land is cool; the oceans are warmer than the land
  • cool air over the land sinks; high pressure is created over the land/Tropic of Cancer
  • air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from land to sea
  • the winds are mostly dry; because they formed over a dry area
    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
    2 @ 2 marks

(c) State two types of weather associated with a depression.

  • cyclone/(thunder)storm
  • rainfall/monsoon/precipitation/damp/wet
  • cloudy
  • windy
    2 @ 1 mark

Note: A depression is a weather term meaning an area of low pressure, wind, cloud and usually rain.

(d) Evaluate the impact of rain storms on agriculture, industry and communications in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer.

Content guide
Impact on agriculture:

  • negative as agriculture is a major contributor to economy
  • damage to/loss of crops will significantly reduce earnings
  • damage would mean having to import more food/crops to meet the needs of the population which will burden the economy
  • without agricultural production other economic sectors will be negatively impacted/people will be unable to work
  • may result in people losing their jobs/many subsistence farmers will have no food or ability to trade
  • not only the current crop will be affected but the following years will also be affected due to the time taken to clean up the land and re-plant the seeds
  • replenished rivers and reservoirs can be used as irrigation
  • farmland can recover naturally as flood waters recede
    Impact on industry and communications:
  • industry and communications negatively affected
  • could cost more to restore factories/roads etc. than farmland
  • more people can lose their jobs in factories if they are closed
  • rainstorms cut off power supply which stops production
  • manufactured products have a higher value than agricultural products which means that there will be potentially greater loss to the economy if industries are affected
  • if roads/railways are flooded the movement of people/goods and agricultural products will be stopped
  • businesses/factories can afford to put preventative measures in place to reduce the impacts of flooding

w-2022

Study the following figure which is a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

(i) Using the above figure only, describe the pattern of annual rainfall. [3]

یہاں آپ کو بس تین پوائنٹس بتانے ہیں۔ سی اے آئی ای کی آنسر کی دی جارہی ہے؛ جس میں کوئی بھی تین پوائنٹس چنے جا سکتے ہیں۔

  • uneven/varied
  • high/er rainfall/more rainfall in north/north-east/rainfall increases further north
  • low/er rainfall/less rainfall in the south/south-west/south-east/rainfall decreases further south
  • largest region has 126–250 mm annual rainfall
  • north/north-east of Pakistan/small area on Afghanistan border has highest/750 mm+ rainfall
  • (two areas) in south-west and east/south-east have the lowest/0–125 mm rainfall
  • areas bordering India/Iran/southern Afghanistan/Arabian Sea are drier/lower rainfall
  • highest rainfall 501 mm+ is only found at latitude 33 N or higher
  • lowest rainfall 0–250 mm is only found at latitude 30 N or lower
  • accurate use of scale to describe size of an area within the pattern (max 1)

(ii) Name rivers U, V and W shown on the figure. [3]

U = River Sutlej
V = River Dasht
W= River Indus

(iii) Which of the following statements about monsoons in Pakistan are correct? Tick three boxes in the table below. [3]

correct answers:

  • monsoons are seasonal
  • monsoon winds are seasonally reversed and driven by temperature differences between the land and sea
  • winter winds are called north-east monsoons

(iv) Study the figure, a photograph of a recent cyclone in South Asia.
Using the figure only, describe two impacts of the cyclone shown. [2]

ان میں سے کوئی دو پوائنٹس استعمال کیے جاسکتے ہیں۔

  • strong winds
  • trees being bent/blown/damaged
  • clothes blowing in wind/people struggling to walk
  • big/high waves
  • heavy rain
  • air is full of moisture/spray/misty
  • reduced visibility
  • streetlights/vehicle lights on (in daytime)
  • people having to wear waterproof gear/ponchos
  • flooding (of coastal area)/flooded road/street
  • difficult/dangerous to drive/use vehicles/use transport
  • people cannot travel by moped/motorcycle/motorbike/bike have to push them

(v) Scientific evidence suggests that cyclones are likely to continue to increase in severity and frequency across South Asia due to climate change.
Evaluate the influence of storms such as cyclones on secondary and tertiary industries in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

اس سوال کے جواب میں آپ نے دو نکات نظر پر مختصر بحث کر کے نتیجہ نکالنا ہے۔ پہلا نکتہ نظر یہ ہوگا کہ سائیکلونز سے سیکنڈری اور ٹرشری صنعتیں متاثر ہوتی ہیں۔ جب کہ دوسرا نظریہ یہ ہوگا کہ ان صنعتوں پر ہونے والے اثرات محدود نوعیت کے ہوتے ہیں۔

جواب کے پہلے پیراگراف میں ان میں سے کچھ نکات تحریر کیے جاسکتے ہیں۔

  • industries may be flooded/damaged
  • high cost of repairs/clean-up operations to the industry
  • industries, e.g. shops may lose trade/have to close down
  • loss of jobs which will lead to reduction in wealth
  • communications infrastructure, e.g. internet/phone lines to offices/call centres/factories cut off, topping work
  • roads/railways damaged causing disrupted transport of goods to market
  • power lines damaged; leading to delay in production in factories/power cuts mean shops/restaurants, etc. can’t operate
  • ports closed; so imports/exports have to stop during the storm leading to lack of imported raw materials for secondary industries
  • tourists will be put off visiting coastal areas
  • hotels damaged/destroyed
  • flights stopped or delayed

دوسرے پیراگراف میں ان نکات کو دائرہ تحریر میں لایا جاسکتا ہے۔

  • storm management schemes can protect coastal areas from the impacts of storms, e.g. planting mangroves along the coastline
  • building coastal defences can protect nearby industries, e.g. embankments/sea walls
  • flood warnings/warning system for employees and tourists to follow
  • practicing evacuation procedures/building evacuation shelters
  • weather forecasting/shipping forecast
  • set up of early warning systems to warn ships/fishing boats prevents damage to equipment
  • flood proofing businesses/shops/hotels/factories
  • industries, e.g. factories have emergency power generators

ایک ممکنہ نتیجہ یعنی ججمنٹ ان الفاظ میں دیا جاسکتا ہے۔

  • although the severity and frequency of storms is increasing in south Asia, Pakistan is rarely badly affected by them
  • it is only coastal areas that are affected so the majority of industries and communications will remain unaffected by cyclones
  • tourists will still visit Pakistan and many tourists visit places with extreme weather
  • storms do not last long so disruption is just for a short time

w-21

(i) Study the figure, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

Complete the figure by shading area Y using the information below and the key.
Y = 126–250 mm of annual rainfall [1]

(ii) Study the following figure, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan.

Identify temperature region Z shown on the figure. [1]

Warm summer, mild winter.

(iii) Using information from the above two figures only, complete the passage describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

[3]

There is a weak relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall experience hot summers and mild winters, whereas areas of high rainfall experience cooler summers and winters.

(iv) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in western Pakistan. [3]

  • Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/
    Peshawar/northern Pakistan;
  • Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter;
  • Quetta dry for rest of year/only/most rain received is from Western
    Depressions;
  • Quetta has its highest rainfall/49 mm in February;
  • Peshawar has its highest rainfall/78 mm in March;
  • as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/
    no rainfall.

(v) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. [4]

  • altitude; for every 1000 metres in height temperature drops by
    approximately 6.5 °C /as altitude increases there is less atmosphere
    above, so less pressure. This lower pressure means air molecules
    spread further away from each other, which has a cooling effect;
  • latitude; areas closer to the equator or southern Pakistan/24°N have
    higher temperatures as sun’s rays are more concentrated/higher angle
    of incidence/areas further away from the equator/northern Pakistan/37°N
    have lower temperatures as sun’s rays spread out over a wider
    area/lower angle of incidence/lose more heat travelling further through
    the atmosphere;
  • angle of the sun; the position of the earth in relation to the sun, during
    summer Pakistan is tilted towards the sun and so has higher
    temperatures/during winter it is tilted away from the sun so has lower
    temperatures;
  • continentality/maritime influence; interior has higher temperatures as
    there is no cooling effect from the sea/along coastal areas ocean
    currents and prevailing winds have a moderating effect on
    temperature/inland areas heat up quickly in summer, producing hot
    summers/lose heat quickly, so have low average temperatures in winter;
    cloud cover; clouds keep the heat in during the night but can prevent
    solar radiation getting through during the day so can keep the heat out
    (or vice versa);
  • amount of vegetation cover/deforestation; areas with dense cover have
    lower temperatures since it provides shade from the sun’s rays or viciversa
    e.g. deserts;
    Etc.
    Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development.
    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

(vi) Define ‘drought’. [1]

A long period of no/low/very little rainfall.

(vii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. [2]

  • desertification/extension of desert areas;
  • soil erosion;
  • ground/soil dries out/cracks/soil becomes less fertile/infertile/barren;
  • animals/aquatic life harmed/die/lose habitat;
  • vegetation/trees/plants die;
  • drying up of rivers/lakes/streams/water shortage/aridity;
  • drop in water table/less groundwater available to plants;
  • salt concentrations in water can increase.

(viii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in Pakistan. [4]

Benefits:

  • brings tourism e.g. skiing/glacier hikes/holidays/boost
    jobs/economy/scenic beauty attracts tourists;
  • frozen water bodies can be used for ice skating;
  • (glacial) meltwater in summer is essential for irrigation;
  • (glacial) meltwater/plentiful water helps to power hydel schemes;
  • cold climate reduces evaporation from reservoirs;
  • can grow (temperate) fruits in summer/boost jobs/economy;
  • lower need for/cost of air conditioning;

Problems:

  • seasonal movement of livestock to lower areas/transhumance-difficult to
    rear animals;
  • snow/cold can trap people in homes/people have to move to other areas;
  • increased need for/cost of heating buildings;
  • roads can become blocked by snow/avalanches, cuts off communities;
  • increased chance of frostbite/hypothermia;
  • the cold climate makes it difficult to grow most crops e.g. wheat; difficult to work in extreme cold climates so people have to work indoors;
  • lakes/rivers freeze over, prevent fishing/scarce water supply;
  • avalanches may cause injuries/death;
  • seasonal tourism – fewer summer jobs.
    Note: reserve 1 mark for benefits and 1 mark for problems.
    Note: different reasons required for benefits and problems.

agree with View A:

  • storms and heavy rainfall can destroy crops very quickly;
  • animals/cattle can be washed away/drown/be frightened;
  • livelihoods/houses/businesses can be washed away;
  • flooded roads create travel problems for business/industry; heavy rain increases soil erosion removing the top fertile layer;
  • fields become flooded which can create problems with waterlogging;
  • floodwaters from heavy rains can become polluted and spread disease;
  • cyclones make it unsafe for boats to go to sea, disrupting fishing;
  • winds blow down power lines and phone lines; businesses are left without power or communications.
    Etc.

examples include:

In August 2021 Karachi received 200mm rain in 12 hours, 68 000 people in Sindh forced into relief camps, one million acres of crops were destroyed by the flooding; cotton, vegetables, onions, tomatoes, and sugarcane.

disagree with View A:

  • flood protection schemes can protect homes and businesses;
  • reservoirs and dams control the flow of water in rivers/hold back water;
  • buildings designed to withstand flooding/storm shelters can be built;
  • flooding spreads alluvium increasing the fertility of the land for farmers.
    Etc.

agree with View B

  • droughts can cause starvation/famine leading to illness and death;
  • results in crop failure and death of livestock;
  • people suffer from malnutrition and fatigue, so they are unable to work;
  • food supplies and fresh water has to be imported;
  • shortage of raw materials for industry reduces exports.
    Etc.

examples include

2018/2019 droughts with 1.2 million people suffered from extreme (crisis and emergency level) food insecurity in Southern Pakistan resulted from acute shortages of water, food and fodder and resulted in critical levels of acute malnutrition amongst young children.

disagree with view B

  • droughts can be overcome by using irrigation or named examples e.g. karez/perennial canals/use of sea water through desalination
  • drought resistant seeds can be used e.g. water efficient varieties of wheat developed by Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC);
  • transhumance can be practiced moving animals to areas with water;
  • belongings/buildings/homes are not ruined by drought.
    Etc.

evaluation may argue

Storms/heavy rainfall and droughts are as severe as each other as huge loss of life can occur from both/both have a detrimental effect on livelihoods/jobs and the economy. [6]

w-17

Study the figure, which shows climate data for Lahore, Punjab. Lahore has a monsoon climate.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘monsoon’? [1]

  • Season / seasonal;
  • Seasonal wind / weather pattern;
  • Short period of heavy rain / a wet season (Jul to Sept).

(ii) How does the above figure show that the climate in Lahore is typical of a monsoon climate? [2]

  • Rainfall concentrated in Jul–Sept / wet season Jul–Sept;
  • Little rainfall Oct–Jun / dry season Oct–Jan / Apr–May;
  • High annual temperature / 30 °C–34 °C;
  • Highest temperature in Jun just before wet season starts.

(iii) Give reasons why Lahore has more rainfall in July than in December. [2]

  • July low pressure on land / central Asia. December high pressure on land /
    central Asia or July lower pressure on land / central Asia than December;
  • July moist air / rain bearing winds from sea / Indian Ocean / Bay of Bengal:
    December dry winds blow from land to sea / winds reverse from July SW
    to December NE;
  • July tail end of monsoon winds reach northern / north-eastern Pakistan /
    December little moisture reaches eastern / north-eastern Pakistan;
  • July has high (higher, warmer) temps with more humidity / December has
    low (lower, cooler) temps with less humidity.

(iv) A provincial capital city regularly has the lowest temperatures in Pakistan. Name this city. [1]

Quetta / Gilgit

(v) Describe four impacts of low temperatures on people who live and work in mountain
areas. [4]

  • Difficulty with cost of obtaining heating fuel / gas;
  • Unable to farm / grow crops / less income from agriculture / transhumance;
  • Difficulty travelling by road / rail / air due to named adverse weather, e.g.
    snow / fog / landslides / ice / slippery roads;
  • Loss of telecommunications / electricity due to heavy snowfall;
  • Isolated / cut off from lowland areas;
  • Danger of death from cold / hypothermia, especially for elderly / children;
  • Requires adaptations to clothing / housing;
  • Income from named tourist opportunities, e.g. mountaineering, rock
    climbing;
  • Fewer mosquitoes / biting insects / diseases, e.g. malaria;
  • Encouragement of small-scale cottage industries.

w-16

Study the figure which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi.

(i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall? [1]

7 (may simply list the 7 months)

B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [1]

173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm

(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter

(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-bearing
winds come? [2]

Source: [Secondary] monsoon
Direction: SW

(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage
[Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers
Lives lost / injuries / people missing
Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums
Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to get to work
Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics
Damage to workplaces / industry – e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of income or loss of income / disrupts exports
Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs
Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power
Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet / social media
Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread